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[Music]

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so thank you

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um yeah I'm here to talk about a

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different kind of biosignature um to

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introduce assembly Theory

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I don't know if this is the right group

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to be very controversial about it with

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or if you guys all accept it so we're

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gonna we're gonna see what happens

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um but mostly the main reason I'm a fan

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of this Theory the reason really talked

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about it is that there's two major

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problems that is currently in the field

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of astrobiology at least from my opinion

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um the first one is that we don't have a

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universal definition of life

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um again not sure if you guys agree with

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this or if that's really controversial

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no idea

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um but honestly we don't know what we're

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looking for out elsewhere and

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because of that kind of the biochemistry

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that we see or could potentially see we

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have no idea what that could look like

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comparison on Earth so kind of what we

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need to do is find a universal pattern

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of life

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first and then build our detection

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methods based on that

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um I think going out there seeing what

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we see is incredibly useful incredibly

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interesting but then you end up with

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like a phosphine problem of how do we

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explain what we see

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um if we determine what we're looking

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for first and then build a method based

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on that Universal Property we're able to

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be a little more stringent a little more

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um

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a little more robust about what we're

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actually finding

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so given that given that kind of

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solution

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um the basic idea of assembly theory is

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that life produces complex things

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um for example if we were to go to

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Enceladus and find an iPhone sitting on

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the bottom of the ocean

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um

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somehow unless Steve Jobs flew on a

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plane and put it there

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um we would say something Enceladus made

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a complex thing made it made an iPhone

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um that's weird that's interesting that

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would certainly be a really interesting

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battle signature

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um

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especially if we saw thousands of them

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if it was littered in iPhones there'd be

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some kind of process on Enceladus that

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would create and select for a complex

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object

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so this kind of idea is that life makes

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complex things it makes a lot of them

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and what assembly Theory does is

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specifically measure that give a measure

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of the complexity good measure of how

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much

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memory is part of the system that makes

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something really complex in a lot of it

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so kind of what this is what we're

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talking about is specifically it's a

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number of joining steps required to

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build an object from a base set of

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fragments that's a lot of words that's

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really confusing

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um so start with Legos and we'll go up

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from there

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um if you were to make this thing like

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this big Square rectangle whatever thing

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you would start with this green and

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green and red block and you would start

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joining them together in the most

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optimal way possible essentially the way

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that minimizes the joining steps to make

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that thing at the end

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um specifically there's five of them

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here you notice that you reuse this

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double a couple times and you reuse the

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square once as well so you're able to

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reuse the thing you already make there's

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five joining steps the ma of this

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particular Lego block will be five

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um and you can do this for lots of

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different things you can do this for

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Strings like Gage was talking about

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um yesterday where if you want to make

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Abracadabra you're going to have a

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number of steps particularly seven

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you're going to reuse Abra along the way

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and you can do this for chemicals which

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is kind of more astrological relevance

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um you're able to start with your base

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fragments in this case it's a element a

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bond and a different elements which is

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defined by the thing you're looking for

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and you're able to build up the steps

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along the way

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I think one thing I want to emphasize is

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that these steps don't necessarily have

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any physical meaning like this windmill

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guy isn't maybe maybe you can't make

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this in a lab who knows

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um and it doesn't particularly matter

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for this metric um this is not what I'm

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saying this is a physical property it's

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a theoretical way of reusing the

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symmetry of the object that you're

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ending up with so

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kind of keep that in mind

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um

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when you're doing this this is all from

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paper in 2021 from Stuart Marshall and

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Cole Mathis both at the University of

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Glasgow and we're able to do ma over a

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ton of things

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um and unsurprisingly correlates with

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molecular weights because as things get

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bigger you get more steps to make them

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but it's not a one-to-one ratio there's

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a lot of things kind of here that are

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high molecular weight below assembly

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Theory because they have high symmetry

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um so they're not necessarily as complex

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they require less steps to make

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um just again keep that in mind

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and the reason why we're so excited

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about this the reason why we want to use

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this for an astrobiological signature is

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that when you look at these compounds in

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a mass spec

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um you're able to see a lot of these

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different Peaks a mass spec takes a

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compound fragments it based on

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ionization a lot of different things

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there's lots of ways to do it this one

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particularly was an orbitrap so if

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fragments things twice and you end up

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with a number of different Peaks now

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kind of notice there's a correlation the

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lower things the lower ma things the

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less complex things don't have as many

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Peaks as the higher complex things

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um again kind of make sense bigger

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things are more complex

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there's a really strong correlation

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between the two

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which is really really exciting again

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it's not intuitively obvious that you

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have a theoretical measure that has no

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correlation physical reality actually

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corresponds to a mass spec signature

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um so when we saw this we kind of ran

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with this and we're saying hey we can

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put a mask back in space we've done it

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before we've done it since the 1970s so

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why don't we look at what kind of mass

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specs are needed

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think about ma as a specific bio

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signature and then

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um use Mass Spec to go out and find it

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and

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the thing we're looking for specifically

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again from this 2021 paper is that all

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of biochemistry has an MA greater than

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15.

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um anything below 15 at least we see on

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Earth

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is a mixture of biotic abiotic things

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they're found throughout the geosphere

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and everything

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but above 15 is only things made by

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things that we know are alive

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um like whiskey a few other things they

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kind of had some fun at Glasgow

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measuring a bunch of stuff but

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essentially anything above 15 what we

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say is hey this

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from what we know about life on Earth

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let's extrapolate it to be a universal

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property that's something that's complex

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um for the rest of the talk I think just

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15 it might be a little fuzzy I also

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measured 20.

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um I consider 20 as about as a specific

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bio signature so you'll see two numbers

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later on um that's where the 20 comes

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from is just give it a little wiggle

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room

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so now the issue with that if we're

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going to send a mass back into space it

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needs to be high resolution

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um you can't have something like this or

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you only have a couple Peaks

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you need something that has the right

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number of peaks in order to find

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something that's high and complex

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um if you find something send something

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that's low resolution it's not going to

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be good enough

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um so

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and when we look at stuff today you'll

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see this chart a couple times so we want

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to explain it real fast this is

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essentially

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of how big the molecule is and this is

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the mass resolution of the particular

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object times 10 000.

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um all of these ones off here are off

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the chart like they just have really

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have Big M over Z ratios and these two

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would have a really high resolution

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um so this is good

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now these things take up rooms

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um like an orbit traps not that big but

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you need a bunch of vacuum stuff like

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it's about as big as this Podium roughly

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if you want a really good one

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um you can't just launch that on a

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spaceship NASA gets really mad when you

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launch something that big so how do we

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like the stuff we do today it's roughly

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down here um Ricky ravalo's group in

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University Maryland College Park

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um has this mini orbitrap that's decent

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but still like not still on that scale

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um so how could how good can we get how

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is that good enough how much do we need

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in order to determine definitively that

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you have a mass spec signal stick

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signature

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um so what we did we did some chemical

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enumeration we built some graphs

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um specifically built some formulas and

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said hey given a specific number of

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chemicals this case Zero to six carbons

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any number of hydrogens the nitrogen

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Oxford phosphorus sulfur how many

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different formulas do we get how big is

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the chemical space that could

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potentially be out there answer is

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pretty big you've got lots of different

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formulas unsurprising

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um they can be modeled with a normal

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normal curve so I can do this for any

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number of upper limit and any number

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like up to 10 atoms up to five atoms if

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I want to measure more I can do a

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different normal curve

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um

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at this next slide might trigger people

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I apologize I did random chemistry based

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on that because again we don't know what

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that is going to look like so I built

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random I built random structures from

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random formulas essentially building

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putting random bonds together

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this might not exist this probably

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doesn't exist anywhere but um I kind of

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hope it doesn't because that would be

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weird

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um but what we what we did is we built

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it we put it through Rd kits 3D and

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better software so we know this is at

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least physically possible it doesn't

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break the rules of physics the

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thermodynamics are really weird who

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knows how long this lasts but again our

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assumptions we don't know what this

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looks like

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um and this actually is a good

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00:10:00,889 --> 00:09:59,700
assumption you'll see a few graphs later

283
00:10:02,690 --> 00:10:00,899
that we're not actually that far off

284
00:10:05,210 --> 00:10:02,700
from reality but

285
00:10:07,970 --> 00:10:05,220
um just bear with me for now so I did

286
00:10:09,350 --> 00:10:07,980
this for 10 000 different structures

287
00:10:12,050 --> 00:10:09,360
um made a bunch of made a bunch of

288
00:10:14,329 --> 00:10:12,060
random chemicals and found the m a of

289
00:10:15,650 --> 00:10:14,339
them so if molecular weights we have

290
00:10:17,269 --> 00:10:15,660
assembly index

291
00:10:18,650 --> 00:10:17,279
and you see that most of them started to

292
00:10:21,350 --> 00:10:18,660
get high Ma

293
00:10:24,230 --> 00:10:21,360
and you get a likelihood very quickly of

294
00:10:26,870 --> 00:10:24,240
well what is the likelihood of finding a

295
00:10:28,250 --> 00:10:26,880
high ma object at a particular molecular

296
00:10:29,509 --> 00:10:28,260
weight

297
00:10:31,310 --> 00:10:29,519
so

298
00:10:33,350 --> 00:10:31,320
we have number we have the size of

299
00:10:34,670 --> 00:10:33,360
chemical space we have molecular weights

300
00:10:37,490 --> 00:10:34,680
and we know how often those things are

301
00:10:39,829 --> 00:10:37,500
high m a we're essentially able to then

302
00:10:41,750 --> 00:10:39,839
put that on a Precision curve and say

303
00:10:43,670 --> 00:10:41,760
what's the Precision which can be

304
00:10:44,650 --> 00:10:43,680
translated into resolution of the

305
00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:44,660
particular

306
00:10:48,889 --> 00:10:46,800
number of

307
00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:48,899
chemical species that have a high ma in

308
00:10:54,230 --> 00:10:50,880
that case or that particular M over Z

309
00:10:55,850 --> 00:10:54,240
ratio we take the integral of that

310
00:10:59,329 --> 00:10:55,860
particular line our goal is to find 10

311
00:11:00,410 --> 00:10:59,339
or fewer just to put a number on it and

312
00:11:01,850 --> 00:11:00,420
then we end up with something looks like

313
00:11:05,090 --> 00:11:01,860
this

314
00:11:08,590 --> 00:11:05,100
um so our in an ideal case

315
00:11:11,750 --> 00:11:08,600
what we have is something about 552 000

316
00:11:13,009 --> 00:11:11,760
M over Delta M Mass resolution Which is

317
00:11:14,930 --> 00:11:13,019
far fewer than what we have in

318
00:11:17,509 --> 00:11:14,940
commercial orbitraps those are on the

319
00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:17,519
orders like Millions 10 Millions

320
00:11:21,050 --> 00:11:19,140
um but it's not what we've sent to space

321
00:11:22,910 --> 00:11:21,060
it's about four times better than what

322
00:11:23,569 --> 00:11:22,920
we've sent the space so far

323
00:11:25,550 --> 00:11:23,579
um

324
00:11:27,230 --> 00:11:25,560
those ones we send so those ones set

325
00:11:29,449 --> 00:11:27,240
into space are decent like in this

326
00:11:31,850 --> 00:11:29,459
little curve here they're good they're

327
00:11:34,190 --> 00:11:31,860
able to determine highma molecules but

328
00:11:35,810 --> 00:11:34,200
we still want to get as high up on this

329
00:11:36,889 --> 00:11:35,820
graph as possible

330
00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:36,899
um so it's more of an engineering

331
00:11:40,250 --> 00:11:38,760
challenge this is more saying hey

332
00:11:42,230 --> 00:11:40,260
Engineers if you can go out and build

333
00:11:43,610 --> 00:11:42,240
something like this give an unknown

334
00:11:45,230 --> 00:11:43,620
chemical space we're confident that

335
00:11:47,389 --> 00:11:45,240
you'll be able to detect a high ma

336
00:11:50,630 --> 00:11:47,399
molecule if it's out there

337
00:11:52,970 --> 00:11:50,640
um and quickly just to finish up

338
00:11:56,030 --> 00:11:52,980
um I know the chemicals were really bad

339
00:11:58,790 --> 00:11:56,040
and really not Earth-like

340
00:12:01,250 --> 00:11:58,800
um so we determined our spacecraft our

341
00:12:04,310 --> 00:12:01,260
sermon our resolution based on existing

342
00:12:06,290 --> 00:12:04,320
chemistry we used keg keto Encyclopedia

343
00:12:08,930 --> 00:12:06,300
of genes of genomes I'm mostly saying

344
00:12:10,449 --> 00:12:08,940
how good is our prediction based on

345
00:12:13,370 --> 00:12:10,459
those random chemicals

346
00:12:15,530 --> 00:12:13,380
this is MOMA this is the one that's

347
00:12:17,449 --> 00:12:15,540
launching soon to Mars

348
00:12:18,650 --> 00:12:17,459
um it's not that great at distinguishing

349
00:12:21,230 --> 00:12:18,660
formulas

350
00:12:22,730 --> 00:12:21,240
um there's a lot of overlaps but if you

351
00:12:24,949 --> 00:12:22,740
look at something like corals or our

352
00:12:26,269 --> 00:12:24,959
recommended one you're not you're really

353
00:12:28,850 --> 00:12:26,279
not that bad you're getting maximum of

354
00:12:29,630 --> 00:12:28,860
five so it's pretty good

355
00:12:34,370 --> 00:12:29,640
um

356
00:12:35,930 --> 00:12:34,380
and even better when we start saying hey

357
00:12:37,370 --> 00:12:35,940
does random chemistry correspond with

358
00:12:39,590 --> 00:12:37,380
reality

359
00:12:41,630 --> 00:12:39,600
um it does thankfully

360
00:12:44,629 --> 00:12:41,640
um kind of as a test we took 200

361
00:12:46,069 --> 00:12:44,639
formulas from that formal enumeration

362
00:12:47,449 --> 00:12:46,079
um got a hundred different isomers of

363
00:12:49,670 --> 00:12:47,459
those formulas but from pubchem so

364
00:12:51,170 --> 00:12:49,680
existing chemistry GDB which from John

365
00:12:53,150 --> 00:12:51,180
Louise Raymond's group and burn which is

366
00:12:55,009 --> 00:12:53,160
a generated database of potential

367
00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:55,019
chemistry here on Earth and then random

368
00:12:59,690 --> 00:12:58,079
structure generation like we did and if

369
00:13:02,329 --> 00:12:59,700
they were separate we'd say we have a

370
00:13:03,590 --> 00:13:02,339
problem but all of these kind of the m a

371
00:13:07,190 --> 00:13:03,600
space of all those chemicals is about

372
00:13:09,410 --> 00:13:07,200
the same so we actually end up roughly a

373
00:13:11,269 --> 00:13:09,420
recommendation on random chemistry seems

374
00:13:12,590 --> 00:13:11,279
to be sufficient based on life we see

375
00:13:13,310 --> 00:13:12,600
today

376
00:13:16,009 --> 00:13:13,320
um

377
00:13:17,690 --> 00:13:16,019
so kind of a recommendation if we take

378
00:13:18,949 --> 00:13:17,700
this metal micro assembly Theory as a

379
00:13:21,530 --> 00:13:18,959
biosignature

380
00:13:24,350 --> 00:13:21,540
we have a mass range of mass specs to

381
00:13:26,389 --> 00:13:24,360
shoot for we have a resolution and it's

382
00:13:28,430 --> 00:13:26,399
a worst case scenario and what we're

383
00:13:31,430 --> 00:13:28,440
showing is that this roughly represents

384
00:13:33,530 --> 00:13:31,440
m a of chemical space

385
00:13:35,389 --> 00:13:33,540
um there's lots of people to thank

386
00:13:37,069 --> 00:13:35,399
um mostly the ASU group that is mostly

387
00:13:45,110 --> 00:13:37,079
sitting at the front table so thank you

388
00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:49,730
thank you John any questions

389
00:13:49,740 --> 00:13:54,710
felt all freaked out by the chemistry

390
00:14:01,910 --> 00:13:58,129
hi great talk

391
00:14:05,750 --> 00:14:01,920
um I'm wondering why is the random set

392
00:14:07,069 --> 00:14:05,760
smaller on the area that it takes than a

393
00:14:08,269 --> 00:14:07,079
pumpkin

394
00:14:10,970 --> 00:14:08,279
yeah

395
00:14:14,090 --> 00:14:10,980
um that is a that's a great question

396
00:14:17,389 --> 00:14:14,100
um I think my answer is that it's

397
00:14:20,569 --> 00:14:17,399
possibly a sampling issue of random

398
00:14:22,850 --> 00:14:20,579
space is probably bigger but the density

399
00:14:24,949 --> 00:14:22,860
of different compounds that it could

400
00:14:27,230 --> 00:14:24,959
sample in random chemistry is just so

401
00:14:29,329 --> 00:14:27,240
high on that little part right there

402
00:14:31,129 --> 00:14:29,339
like I'm just not sampling enough to get

403
00:14:34,009 --> 00:14:31,139
a distribution

404
00:14:36,290 --> 00:14:34,019
um or or or I am and I'm not

405
00:14:37,610 --> 00:14:36,300
um getting the edges as much

406
00:14:39,230 --> 00:14:37,620
um I think it's interesting question of

407
00:14:40,910 --> 00:14:39,240
how life can be a little more spread out

408
00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:40,920
I think there's an interesting function

409
00:14:46,490 --> 00:14:44,160
a functionality argument going on um I

410
00:14:49,129 --> 00:14:46,500
think yeah random chemistry I think it's

411
00:14:50,389 --> 00:14:49,139
so dense in the middle that I'm just not

412
00:14:51,110 --> 00:14:50,399
exploring the edges as well as I could

413
00:14:55,670 --> 00:14:51,120
be

414
00:15:02,210 --> 00:14:59,389
hi uh this is very very interesting so

415
00:15:04,129 --> 00:15:02,220
um I guess would you mind uh maybe going

416
00:15:05,150 --> 00:15:04,139
over the

417
00:15:08,090 --> 00:15:05,160
um

418
00:15:10,250 --> 00:15:08,100
uh basically what led you to your

419
00:15:14,269 --> 00:15:10,260
resolution and

420
00:15:16,310 --> 00:15:14,279
um and uh Max M over Z calculations a

421
00:15:20,509 --> 00:15:16,320
little bit uh

422
00:15:22,009 --> 00:15:20,519
I guess more in detail uh about how that

423
00:15:25,970 --> 00:15:22,019
connects to

424
00:15:30,230 --> 00:15:25,980
um msms uh measurements is is this

425
00:15:31,790 --> 00:15:30,240
um just with M over Z or okay yeah so um

426
00:15:34,550 --> 00:15:31,800
yeah it's a great question so I'm not

427
00:15:36,050 --> 00:15:34,560
assuming any fragmentation here

428
00:15:37,310 --> 00:15:36,060
um mostly because we don't know exactly

429
00:15:40,009 --> 00:15:37,320
what we're going to send or if it's an

430
00:15:41,769 --> 00:15:40,019
ms1 or MS2 machine

431
00:15:44,930 --> 00:15:41,779
um so I'm just assuming that there's a

432
00:15:48,110 --> 00:15:44,940
there's a particular structure it's

433
00:15:50,269 --> 00:15:48,120
ionized so I knock off a hydrogen and

434
00:15:52,430 --> 00:15:50,279
then that's a single Peak that you get

435
00:15:55,250 --> 00:15:52,440
what's the resolution to distinguish

436
00:15:57,710 --> 00:15:55,260
those Peaks um which one thing is worst

437
00:15:59,990 --> 00:15:57,720
case add fragmentation and add like a

438
00:16:02,269 --> 00:16:00,000
really add a decent orbitrap and this

439
00:16:03,350 --> 00:16:02,279
probably becomes a lot better but it's

440
00:16:04,730 --> 00:16:03,360
hard to predict exactly what that

441
00:16:06,470 --> 00:16:04,740
fragmentation is

442
00:16:07,970 --> 00:16:06,480
um there's a team in Glasgow

443
00:16:09,470 --> 00:16:07,980
um led by Emma kyrick that's like trying

444
00:16:10,069 --> 00:16:09,480
to figure that out right now

445
00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:10,079
um

446
00:16:13,310 --> 00:16:12,000
as you can imagine it's a difficult like

447
00:16:14,509 --> 00:16:13,320
Mass specs are weird

448
00:16:15,650 --> 00:16:14,519
um it's a difficult problem to predict

449
00:16:19,069 --> 00:16:15,660
and extrapolate

450
00:16:20,509 --> 00:16:19,079
yeah because I guess I'm wondering you

451
00:16:22,490 --> 00:16:20,519
know obviously

452
00:16:24,590 --> 00:16:22,500
um ion neutral Mass spectrometer and

453
00:16:28,550 --> 00:16:24,600
Cassini did not have nearly this

454
00:16:30,410 --> 00:16:28,560
resolution uh but if the fragmentation

455
00:16:32,810 --> 00:16:30,420
that you can assume happened when those

456
00:16:34,670 --> 00:16:32,820
ice grains collided with it

457
00:16:38,269 --> 00:16:34,680
um could be assumed to be an MS2 like

458
00:16:40,129 --> 00:16:38,279
event then and if that you know if MS2

459
00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:40,139
makes it that much better then maybe you

460
00:16:45,230 --> 00:16:42,060
could look at it from this perspective

461
00:16:47,210 --> 00:16:45,240
yeah no I didn't I think if he hadn't I

462
00:16:49,129 --> 00:16:47,220
think I would love to see a number of

463
00:16:49,790 --> 00:16:49,139
how much that correlates

464
00:16:51,769 --> 00:16:49,800
um

465
00:16:53,990 --> 00:16:51,779
yeah I think that's the I think that's

466
00:16:55,430 --> 00:16:54,000
probably the next step on where to go

467
00:16:58,430 --> 00:16:55,440
with this yeah

468
00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:01,069
okay uh we could probably take one more

469
00:17:04,970 --> 00:17:03,000
question and you're the lucky man right

470
00:17:07,010 --> 00:17:04,980
next to me

471
00:17:09,289 --> 00:17:07,020
it's a very interesting talk uh you

472
00:17:11,750 --> 00:17:09,299
talked about the lower limit on Ma is

473
00:17:14,030 --> 00:17:11,760
there any upper limit on Ma

474
00:17:16,309 --> 00:17:14,040
so like under up a little bit of how far

475
00:17:17,750 --> 00:17:16,319
biochemistry can go yeah

476
00:17:19,870 --> 00:17:17,760
um it's a great question

477
00:17:25,549 --> 00:17:19,880
so

478
00:17:27,590 --> 00:17:25,559
small small molecules we're not using

479
00:17:29,690 --> 00:17:27,600
this in peptides or anything mostly

480
00:17:31,549 --> 00:17:29,700
because the base fragments that we're

481
00:17:33,350 --> 00:17:31,559
talking about in this case are elements

482
00:17:36,169 --> 00:17:33,360
to bonds and we talked like something

483
00:17:38,810 --> 00:17:36,179
like DNA molecule then Things become so

484
00:17:41,210 --> 00:17:38,820
massive so massive that since it's an NP

485
00:17:43,010 --> 00:17:41,220
complex NP complete problem it that'll

486
00:17:46,070 --> 00:17:43,020
take forever to compute

487
00:17:47,990 --> 00:17:46,080
um so I think like it quickly depends on

488
00:17:49,430 --> 00:17:48,000
your definition of a base fragment and

489
00:17:51,289 --> 00:17:49,440
what you want your what you want those

490
00:17:53,750 --> 00:17:51,299
joining steps to be

491
00:17:57,110 --> 00:17:53,760
um it's essentially DNA I imagine would

492
00:18:00,110 --> 00:17:57,120
be in tens of millions if not higher if

493
00:18:02,029 --> 00:18:00,120
we're using this particular definition

494
00:18:03,950 --> 00:18:02,039
um freezing amino acids or base pairs

495
00:18:05,810 --> 00:18:03,960
Things become a little different

496
00:18:07,070 --> 00:18:05,820
um I have some interesting results in

497
00:18:09,049 --> 00:18:07,080
like patent chemistry that I'm happy to

498
00:18:10,250 --> 00:18:09,059
share afterwards to show like we have a

499
00:18:12,169 --> 00:18:10,260
little bit of upper limit of like what

500
00:18:14,330 --> 00:18:12,179
chemistry can look like but um

501
00:18:15,710 --> 00:18:14,340
I mean that's more of a computational

502
00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:15,720
limit than anything